Characteristics of the waste in Schools

            School as a gathering place for many people to be the largest waste producer in addition to the market, household, industrial and institutional. In general, waste can be separated into:

1. Organic waste / nonperishable comes from food scraps, vegetable scraps and fruit             skins, fish and meat, garden waste (grass, leaves and twigs).

2. Inorganic waste / nonperishable form: paper, wood, fabric, glass, metal, plastic, rubber and soil.

            Waste generated mostly school is kind of dry waste and wet waste only slightly. Dry waste is produced mostly in the form of paper, plastic and a little metal. While the wet garbage from a tree fallen leaves, food scraps and food wrapping in banana leaves.

Waste management

1. Sorting is separated into groups of organic and non-organic waste and placed in different containers.

2. Processing by implementing the 3R concept:

             Reuse (reuse) that is using a particular waste is still possible to use [reuse old        bottles].

             Reduce (reduction) that is trying to reduce everything that can lead to waste and   reduce the waste that already exists.

             Recycle (recycled) that is using certain waste to be processed into a more useful   item [recycling organic waste into compost].

3. For waste that can not be addressed within the scope of the school, gathered to place Temporary Shelters (TS) has been provided for further transported by the janitor to the Final Disposal (TD).

Waste dumped TS placed based waste sorting has been done. This is done because the rapid decay of organic waste while non-organic waste takes longer to decompose so require special treatment. For TS are intentionally provided by the school polling station should be equipped with a system hole cover so that rodents, insects, and certain animals not enter into it, and also to avoid the smell of garbage that could interfere.

To facilitate the range is usually also provided small bins are placed in places easily accessible as temporary shelters waste before disposal to the polls. Garbage disposal in the garbage should also be separated into organic and inorganic trash when it's full and must be immediately discarded to the polling station or directly taken up by the janitor for disposal to landfill.

Designing Waste Management in Schools

In the school environment, waste management requires a serious attention. With the composition of most of the residents are children [the learners] do not rule out the management was not optimal. But also can be used as a medium of learning for its students. One of the parameters of a good school is environmentally sound.

Organic waste can be processed into compost. The process is easy and simple. Elementary school age children can work on their own until high school. With wet waste composting at school can be a medium of learning for students. At least the children will learn about the Natural Sciences. Children will also learn to appreciate the environment. They will learn how to waste it can be beneficial to humans not only as something dirty and disgusting. The resulting compost can be used to fertilize plants that exist or as a mixture of planting medium in pots.

Waste paper generated a lot of that type HVS. This paper types among scavengers have the highest prices. Not to mention cardboard, paper food wrappers and other paper types. Especially for waste paper, can do two things to manage.

1. The first is recycling as its own management. Waste paper can be recycled fairly easily. Scrap paper cut into small pieces and soaked in water. The next process is the blender to turn into pulp. This is where creativity is needed. Pulp can be used as recycled paper or can be used as the basis of creativity, such masks pigora paper or forms.

2. The second form of management is sorting system for sale. HVS manifold paper separated from other types such as newspaper, cardboard and kerdus. Waste paper that has been sorted earlier sold to scavengers. Scavengers will periodically come to the school to pick up the paper.

Another type of rubbish in the school is pretty much plastic. Garbage is mostly made up of plastic wrap and a bottle of mineral water. For the latter type are now much sought after. Used bottles are made from PET plastic can be recycled into plastic pellets. Similarly, the former beverage cans are made of metal. This type of waste should also be sorted, collected for sale. Children can also be crafted creative crafts or wall hangings.

By sorting system is expected students to learn how rubbish the original dirty and disgusting apparently has a sale value. Economic subjects can be learned from a pile of garbage in school. The students will realize that there are job opportunities in the surrounding areas, not just the look but can also be created.

In the design of waste management in school, students need to be actively involved. This can be done by forming teams assigned to a scheduled basis. Periodic exhibitions and competitions can be done to raise awareness of waste management. Writing in a blog or bulletin board is a good exercise to cultivate the souls manage waste. Thus emerged a new awareness that, "Garbage is not a problem, but an opportunity".

                                  

Python regius is a nonvenomous python species found in Africa. This is the smallest of the African pythons and is popular in the pet trade, largely due to its typically docile temperament. No subspecies are currently recognized. It is also known as Royal Python or Ball Python. The name "ball python" refers to the animal's tendency to curl into a ball when stressed or frightened. The name "royal python" (from the Latin regius) is based in part on the story that Cleopatra supposedly wore the snake around her wrist.

Description

Adults generally do not grow to more than 90–120 cm (3.0–3.9 ft) in length, although some specimens have reached 152–182 cm (5.0–6.0 ft), but this is very rare. Females tend to be slightly bigger than males, maturing at an average of 122–137 cm (4.0–4.5 ft). Males usually average around 90–107 cm (3.0–3.5 ft). The build is stocky while the head is relatively small. The scales are smooth and both sexes have anal spurs on either side of the vent. Although males tend to have larger spurs, this is not definitive, and sex is best determined via manual eversion of the male hemipenes or inserting a probe into the cloaca to find the inverted hemipenes (if male). When probing to determine sex, males typically measure eight to ten subcaudal scales, and females typically measure two to four subcaudal scales.

The color pattern is typically black or dark brown with light brown or gold sides and dorsal blotches. The belly is a white or cream that may include scattered black markings. However, those in the pet industries have, through selective breeding, developed many morphs (genetic mutations) with altered colors and patterns.

Geographic range

They are found in Africa from Senegal, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria through Cameroon,Chad and the Central African Republic to Sudan and Uganda. No type locality was given in the original description.

Habitat

Ball pythons prefer grasslands, savannas and sparsely wooded areas. Termite mounds and empty mammal burrows are important habitats for this species. Usually found in West Africa, particularly in Sierra Leone, Togo, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, Gambia, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Central African Republic, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Uganda, and Sudan.

Behavior

This terrestrial species is known for its defense strategy that involves coiling into a tight ball when threatened, with its head and neck tucked away in the middle. In this state, it can literally be rolled around. Favored retreats include mammal burrows and other underground hiding places, where they also aestivate. In captivity, they are considered good pets, for their relatively small size and placid nature making them easy to handle. Captive bred adults rarely bite.

Feeding

In the wild, their diet consists mostly of small mammals, such as African soft-furred rats, shrews and striped mice. Younger individuals have also been known to feed on birds. Pythons imported from the wild tend to be picky eaters and may not respond to food as well as captive-bred pythons, which usually do well on domestic rats and mice, either live, killed, or frozen-thawed.^[5] Live feeding a snake can be dangerous for the snake involved and should never be attempted by inexeperienced keepers; it should only ever be a last resort for a snake which has not eaten for a considerable amount of time, and has lost weight. The size of the prey item given to a python should be equivalent to or slightly larger than the width of the largest part of its body. This python is known for being a picky eater and may not eat for months, particularly during the winter breeding season. While this is not odd, care should be taken to watch that the snake does not experience significant weight loss. Parasites can also cause the snake to not eat. Other causes of not eating are stress caused by overhandling, or too hot or cold temperatures and not enough areas to hide in the vivarium.

Reproduction

Females are oviparous, with anywhere from 3 to 11 rather large, leathery eggs being laid (4-6 most common). These are incubated by the female under the ground (via a shivering motion), and hatch after 55 to 60 days. Sexual maturity is reached at 11–18 months for males, and 20–36 months for females. Age is only one factor in determining sexual maturity and ability to breed – weight is the second factor. Males will breed at 600 grams or more, but in captivity are often not bred until they are 800 grams (1.7 lb), and females will breed in the wild at weights as low as 800 grams, though 1200 grams or more is most common; in captivity, breeders generally wait until they are no less than 1500 g (3.3 lb). Parental care of the eggs ends once they hatch, and the female leaves the offspring to fend for themselves.

Captivity

These snakes are bred in captivity and are popular as pets, because of their small size (compared to other pythons) and their docile temperament. Wild-caught specimens have greater difficulty adapting to a captive environment, which can result in refusal to feed, and they generally carry internal or external parasites which must be eliminated by administering antiparasitic drugs. Specimens have survived for over 40 years in captivity, with the oldest recorded ball python being more than 48 years old. In captivity, most adult Python regius snakes should be kept in a minimum of a 40 US gallons (150 L), long glass tank, as these pythons are ground dwellers and are highly secretive and largely sedentary. Some large females may require cages up to the 50 US gallons (190 L) long tank. Also, at least two hiding places should be provided at different ends of the tank, one should have a thermostat-controlled heating pad under it to allow the animal to regulate its temperature. Since most snakes are adept at escaping captivity, the tank should have a locking lid. Juveniles in particular may be stressed by overly large cages that do not have sufficient small hiding spaces. For this reason, baby ball pythons do well in a 10 US gallons (38 L) or 15 US gallons (57 L) cage at first. Controlled temperatures of 80 °F (27 °C) with a 90 °F(32 °C) basking area on one end of the cage are necessary for proper health. Humidity should be maintained at 50% to 60% with dry substrate.

Beliefs and folklore

This species is particularly revered in the traditional religion of the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. It is considered symbolic of the earth, being an animal that travels so close to the ground. Even among many Christian Igbos, these pythons are treated with great care whenever they happen to wander into a village or onto someone's property; they are allowed to roam freely or are very gently picked up and placed out in a forest or field away from any homes. If one is accidentally killed, many communities in Igboland will still build a coffin for the snake's remains and give it a short funeral.

Komodo, or more so-called Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis), is the world's largest lizard species that live on the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Mota, and Gili Dasami in Nusa Tenggara. This lizard by the natives of Komodo island is also called by local names ora.

Including members of the lizard family Varanidae, and klad Toxicofera, dragons are the largest lizards in the world, with an average length of 2-3 m. Their large size is attributed to island gigantism, the tendency for the body meraksasanya certain animals that live in small island linked to the absence of mammalian carnivores on the island where dragons live, and metabolic rate are small dragons. Because of his body, these lizards occupy the position of a top predator that dominate the ecosystems in which they live.

Komodo dragons are found by western researchers in 1910. Her body is great and terrible reputation makes them popular zoo. Komodo dragons in the wild habitat has shrunk due to human activities and therefore IUCN include dragons as a species vulnerable to extinction. This large lizard is now protected under Indonesian law and a national park, Komodo National yaituTaman, established to protect them.

In the wild, adult Komodo dragon usually weighs around 70 kilograms,but the dragons are kept in captivity often have a greater body weight. Wild specimens biggest ever having a length of 3.13 meters and weighing about 166 kilograms, including the weight of undigested food in the stomach. Although Komodo dragons are the largest lizards listed as still alive, but not the longest. This reputation held by Papua lizard (Varanus salvadorii).

The Komodo dragon has a tail as long as the body, and about 60 pieces of sharp serrated teeth along approximately 2.5 cm, which is often substituted. Their saliva is often blood-tinged, because its teeth are almost completely covered by gingival tissue and this tissue naturally lacerated during feeding . This creates an ideal culture for the virulent bacteria that live in their mouths.

The Komodo dragon has a long tongue, yellow and forked. Komodo dragons males larger than females, with skin the color of dark gray to brick red, while the female is more colorful dragons green olives, yellow and have a small piece on throat. Young Komodo dragons more colorful, with yellow, green and white on a black background.

Komodo does not have the sense of hearing, despite having the ear hole.] Komodo is able to see as far as 300 m, but because retinanyahanya have cone cells, the animal is probably not so well seen in the darkness of night. Komodo is able to distinguish colors, but not how to distinguish stationary objects.

Komodo dragon uses its tongue to detect taste and smell stimuli, like other reptiles, with the vomeronasal sense using a Jacobson's organ, a sense that aids navigation in the dark. With the help of the wind, and his habit of cocking his head to the right and to the left when walking, dragons can detect the presence of carrion as far as 4-9.5 kilometers. Dragons nostrils olfaction is not a good tool because they do not have a diaphragm. These animals have no sense of taste in the tongue, there are few nerve endings of taste in the back of the throat.

Dragons scales, some of which are reinforced with bone, have sensory plaques connected to nerves that facilitate the sense of touch. The scales around the ears, lips, chin, and soles of the feet may have three or more sensory plaques.

Komodo dragons were thought to be deaf when a study reported that whispers, raised voices and shouting did not result in agitation (interference) in the wild dragons. This was disputed when London Zoological Garden employee Joan Proctor trained lizards to eat out with his voice, even when she could not be seen by the lizards.

Komodo is naturally only found in Indonesia, on the island of Komodo, Flores and Rinca and several other islands in Nusa Tenggara. Live in dry open grassland, savanna and tropical forest at low altitudes, this lizard likes hot and dry place. They are active during the day, although sometimes it is also active at night. Komodo dragons are largely solitary, coming together only to breed and eat.

Large reptiles can sprint up to 20 miles per hour in short distances; swim very well and can dive as deep as 4.5 meters, as well as clever climb trees using their powerful claws.] To catch prey that is out of reach, the Komodo dragon may stand on its hind legs and use its tail as a support. With increasing age, dragon claws are used primarily as a weapon, because of its large size makes climbing impractical.

For shelter, dragons dig holes 1-3 meters wide with the front legs and strong claws. Because of his body and the habit of sleeping in a hole, dragons can conserve body heat throughout the night and reduces the time sunbathing on the next morning. Komodo generally hunt at noon until late afternoon, but still shade during the hottest part of the day. Dragons hiding places are usually located in the dunes or hills with the sea breeze, open from vegetation, and here and there scattered dung inhabitants. The place is generally also a strategic location to ambush deer.

The evolutionary development of the Komodo dragon started with the Varanus genus, which emerged in Asia about 40 million years ago and then migrated to Australia. About 15 million years ago, meeting the Australian continental shelf and Southeast Asia allowed the lizards moved into the territory now known as Indonesia. Komodo is believed to have evolved from its Australian ancestors 4 million years ago, and expanded its range into eastern territories as far as Timor. Changes in sea level since the ice age has made the dragons agihan their range is limited to the present.