Characteristics of the waste in Schools

            School as a gathering place for many people to be the largest waste producer in addition to the market, household, industrial and institutional. In general, waste can be separated into:

1. Organic waste / nonperishable comes from food scraps, vegetable scraps and fruit             skins, fish and meat, garden waste (grass, leaves and twigs).

2. Inorganic waste / nonperishable form: paper, wood, fabric, glass, metal, plastic, rubber and soil.

            Waste generated mostly school is kind of dry waste and wet waste only slightly. Dry waste is produced mostly in the form of paper, plastic and a little metal. While the wet garbage from a tree fallen leaves, food scraps and food wrapping in banana leaves.

Waste management

1. Sorting is separated into groups of organic and non-organic waste and placed in different containers.

2. Processing by implementing the 3R concept:

             Reuse (reuse) that is using a particular waste is still possible to use [reuse old        bottles].

             Reduce (reduction) that is trying to reduce everything that can lead to waste and   reduce the waste that already exists.

             Recycle (recycled) that is using certain waste to be processed into a more useful   item [recycling organic waste into compost].

3. For waste that can not be addressed within the scope of the school, gathered to place Temporary Shelters (TS) has been provided for further transported by the janitor to the Final Disposal (TD).

Waste dumped TS placed based waste sorting has been done. This is done because the rapid decay of organic waste while non-organic waste takes longer to decompose so require special treatment. For TS are intentionally provided by the school polling station should be equipped with a system hole cover so that rodents, insects, and certain animals not enter into it, and also to avoid the smell of garbage that could interfere.

To facilitate the range is usually also provided small bins are placed in places easily accessible as temporary shelters waste before disposal to the polls. Garbage disposal in the garbage should also be separated into organic and inorganic trash when it's full and must be immediately discarded to the polling station or directly taken up by the janitor for disposal to landfill.

Designing Waste Management in Schools

In the school environment, waste management requires a serious attention. With the composition of most of the residents are children [the learners] do not rule out the management was not optimal. But also can be used as a medium of learning for its students. One of the parameters of a good school is environmentally sound.

Organic waste can be processed into compost. The process is easy and simple. Elementary school age children can work on their own until high school. With wet waste composting at school can be a medium of learning for students. At least the children will learn about the Natural Sciences. Children will also learn to appreciate the environment. They will learn how to waste it can be beneficial to humans not only as something dirty and disgusting. The resulting compost can be used to fertilize plants that exist or as a mixture of planting medium in pots.

Waste paper generated a lot of that type HVS. This paper types among scavengers have the highest prices. Not to mention cardboard, paper food wrappers and other paper types. Especially for waste paper, can do two things to manage.

1. The first is recycling as its own management. Waste paper can be recycled fairly easily. Scrap paper cut into small pieces and soaked in water. The next process is the blender to turn into pulp. This is where creativity is needed. Pulp can be used as recycled paper or can be used as the basis of creativity, such masks pigora paper or forms.

2. The second form of management is sorting system for sale. HVS manifold paper separated from other types such as newspaper, cardboard and kerdus. Waste paper that has been sorted earlier sold to scavengers. Scavengers will periodically come to the school to pick up the paper.

Another type of rubbish in the school is pretty much plastic. Garbage is mostly made up of plastic wrap and a bottle of mineral water. For the latter type are now much sought after. Used bottles are made from PET plastic can be recycled into plastic pellets. Similarly, the former beverage cans are made of metal. This type of waste should also be sorted, collected for sale. Children can also be crafted creative crafts or wall hangings.

By sorting system is expected students to learn how rubbish the original dirty and disgusting apparently has a sale value. Economic subjects can be learned from a pile of garbage in school. The students will realize that there are job opportunities in the surrounding areas, not just the look but can also be created.

In the design of waste management in school, students need to be actively involved. This can be done by forming teams assigned to a scheduled basis. Periodic exhibitions and competitions can be done to raise awareness of waste management. Writing in a blog or bulletin board is a good exercise to cultivate the souls manage waste. Thus emerged a new awareness that, "Garbage is not a problem, but an opportunity".

                                  

Python regius is a nonvenomous python species found in Africa. This is the smallest of the African pythons and is popular in the pet trade, largely due to its typically docile temperament. No subspecies are currently recognized. It is also known as Royal Python or Ball Python. The name "ball python" refers to the animal's tendency to curl into a ball when stressed or frightened. The name "royal python" (from the Latin regius) is based in part on the story that Cleopatra supposedly wore the snake around her wrist.

Description

Adults generally do not grow to more than 90–120 cm (3.0–3.9 ft) in length, although some specimens have reached 152–182 cm (5.0–6.0 ft), but this is very rare. Females tend to be slightly bigger than males, maturing at an average of 122–137 cm (4.0–4.5 ft). Males usually average around 90–107 cm (3.0–3.5 ft). The build is stocky while the head is relatively small. The scales are smooth and both sexes have anal spurs on either side of the vent. Although males tend to have larger spurs, this is not definitive, and sex is best determined via manual eversion of the male hemipenes or inserting a probe into the cloaca to find the inverted hemipenes (if male). When probing to determine sex, males typically measure eight to ten subcaudal scales, and females typically measure two to four subcaudal scales.

The color pattern is typically black or dark brown with light brown or gold sides and dorsal blotches. The belly is a white or cream that may include scattered black markings. However, those in the pet industries have, through selective breeding, developed many morphs (genetic mutations) with altered colors and patterns.

Geographic range

They are found in Africa from Senegal, Mali, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Benin, and Nigeria through Cameroon,Chad and the Central African Republic to Sudan and Uganda. No type locality was given in the original description.

Habitat

Ball pythons prefer grasslands, savannas and sparsely wooded areas. Termite mounds and empty mammal burrows are important habitats for this species. Usually found in West Africa, particularly in Sierra Leone, Togo, Senegal, Guinea Bissau, Cameroon, Gambia, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Central African Republic, Ghana, Benin, Niger, Burkina Faso, Democratic Republic of Congo, Mali, Uganda, and Sudan.

Behavior

This terrestrial species is known for its defense strategy that involves coiling into a tight ball when threatened, with its head and neck tucked away in the middle. In this state, it can literally be rolled around. Favored retreats include mammal burrows and other underground hiding places, where they also aestivate. In captivity, they are considered good pets, for their relatively small size and placid nature making them easy to handle. Captive bred adults rarely bite.

Feeding

In the wild, their diet consists mostly of small mammals, such as African soft-furred rats, shrews and striped mice. Younger individuals have also been known to feed on birds. Pythons imported from the wild tend to be picky eaters and may not respond to food as well as captive-bred pythons, which usually do well on domestic rats and mice, either live, killed, or frozen-thawed.^[5] Live feeding a snake can be dangerous for the snake involved and should never be attempted by inexeperienced keepers; it should only ever be a last resort for a snake which has not eaten for a considerable amount of time, and has lost weight. The size of the prey item given to a python should be equivalent to or slightly larger than the width of the largest part of its body. This python is known for being a picky eater and may not eat for months, particularly during the winter breeding season. While this is not odd, care should be taken to watch that the snake does not experience significant weight loss. Parasites can also cause the snake to not eat. Other causes of not eating are stress caused by overhandling, or too hot or cold temperatures and not enough areas to hide in the vivarium.

Reproduction

Females are oviparous, with anywhere from 3 to 11 rather large, leathery eggs being laid (4-6 most common). These are incubated by the female under the ground (via a shivering motion), and hatch after 55 to 60 days. Sexual maturity is reached at 11–18 months for males, and 20–36 months for females. Age is only one factor in determining sexual maturity and ability to breed – weight is the second factor. Males will breed at 600 grams or more, but in captivity are often not bred until they are 800 grams (1.7 lb), and females will breed in the wild at weights as low as 800 grams, though 1200 grams or more is most common; in captivity, breeders generally wait until they are no less than 1500 g (3.3 lb). Parental care of the eggs ends once they hatch, and the female leaves the offspring to fend for themselves.

Captivity

These snakes are bred in captivity and are popular as pets, because of their small size (compared to other pythons) and their docile temperament. Wild-caught specimens have greater difficulty adapting to a captive environment, which can result in refusal to feed, and they generally carry internal or external parasites which must be eliminated by administering antiparasitic drugs. Specimens have survived for over 40 years in captivity, with the oldest recorded ball python being more than 48 years old. In captivity, most adult Python regius snakes should be kept in a minimum of a 40 US gallons (150 L), long glass tank, as these pythons are ground dwellers and are highly secretive and largely sedentary. Some large females may require cages up to the 50 US gallons (190 L) long tank. Also, at least two hiding places should be provided at different ends of the tank, one should have a thermostat-controlled heating pad under it to allow the animal to regulate its temperature. Since most snakes are adept at escaping captivity, the tank should have a locking lid. Juveniles in particular may be stressed by overly large cages that do not have sufficient small hiding spaces. For this reason, baby ball pythons do well in a 10 US gallons (38 L) or 15 US gallons (57 L) cage at first. Controlled temperatures of 80 °F (27 °C) with a 90 °F(32 °C) basking area on one end of the cage are necessary for proper health. Humidity should be maintained at 50% to 60% with dry substrate.

Beliefs and folklore

This species is particularly revered in the traditional religion of the Igbo people of southeastern Nigeria. It is considered symbolic of the earth, being an animal that travels so close to the ground. Even among many Christian Igbos, these pythons are treated with great care whenever they happen to wander into a village or onto someone's property; they are allowed to roam freely or are very gently picked up and placed out in a forest or field away from any homes. If one is accidentally killed, many communities in Igboland will still build a coffin for the snake's remains and give it a short funeral.

Komodo, or more so-called Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis), is the world's largest lizard species that live on the islands of Komodo, Rinca, Flores, Gili Mota, and Gili Dasami in Nusa Tenggara. This lizard by the natives of Komodo island is also called by local names ora.

Including members of the lizard family Varanidae, and klad Toxicofera, dragons are the largest lizards in the world, with an average length of 2-3 m. Their large size is attributed to island gigantism, the tendency for the body meraksasanya certain animals that live in small island linked to the absence of mammalian carnivores on the island where dragons live, and metabolic rate are small dragons. Because of his body, these lizards occupy the position of a top predator that dominate the ecosystems in which they live.

Komodo dragons are found by western researchers in 1910. Her body is great and terrible reputation makes them popular zoo. Komodo dragons in the wild habitat has shrunk due to human activities and therefore IUCN include dragons as a species vulnerable to extinction. This large lizard is now protected under Indonesian law and a national park, Komodo National yaituTaman, established to protect them.

In the wild, adult Komodo dragon usually weighs around 70 kilograms,but the dragons are kept in captivity often have a greater body weight. Wild specimens biggest ever having a length of 3.13 meters and weighing about 166 kilograms, including the weight of undigested food in the stomach. Although Komodo dragons are the largest lizards listed as still alive, but not the longest. This reputation held by Papua lizard (Varanus salvadorii).

The Komodo dragon has a tail as long as the body, and about 60 pieces of sharp serrated teeth along approximately 2.5 cm, which is often substituted. Their saliva is often blood-tinged, because its teeth are almost completely covered by gingival tissue and this tissue naturally lacerated during feeding . This creates an ideal culture for the virulent bacteria that live in their mouths.

The Komodo dragon has a long tongue, yellow and forked. Komodo dragons males larger than females, with skin the color of dark gray to brick red, while the female is more colorful dragons green olives, yellow and have a small piece on throat. Young Komodo dragons more colorful, with yellow, green and white on a black background.

Komodo does not have the sense of hearing, despite having the ear hole.] Komodo is able to see as far as 300 m, but because retinanyahanya have cone cells, the animal is probably not so well seen in the darkness of night. Komodo is able to distinguish colors, but not how to distinguish stationary objects.

Komodo dragon uses its tongue to detect taste and smell stimuli, like other reptiles, with the vomeronasal sense using a Jacobson's organ, a sense that aids navigation in the dark. With the help of the wind, and his habit of cocking his head to the right and to the left when walking, dragons can detect the presence of carrion as far as 4-9.5 kilometers. Dragons nostrils olfaction is not a good tool because they do not have a diaphragm. These animals have no sense of taste in the tongue, there are few nerve endings of taste in the back of the throat.

Dragons scales, some of which are reinforced with bone, have sensory plaques connected to nerves that facilitate the sense of touch. The scales around the ears, lips, chin, and soles of the feet may have three or more sensory plaques.

Komodo dragons were thought to be deaf when a study reported that whispers, raised voices and shouting did not result in agitation (interference) in the wild dragons. This was disputed when London Zoological Garden employee Joan Proctor trained lizards to eat out with his voice, even when she could not be seen by the lizards.

Komodo is naturally only found in Indonesia, on the island of Komodo, Flores and Rinca and several other islands in Nusa Tenggara. Live in dry open grassland, savanna and tropical forest at low altitudes, this lizard likes hot and dry place. They are active during the day, although sometimes it is also active at night. Komodo dragons are largely solitary, coming together only to breed and eat.

Large reptiles can sprint up to 20 miles per hour in short distances; swim very well and can dive as deep as 4.5 meters, as well as clever climb trees using their powerful claws.] To catch prey that is out of reach, the Komodo dragon may stand on its hind legs and use its tail as a support. With increasing age, dragon claws are used primarily as a weapon, because of its large size makes climbing impractical.

For shelter, dragons dig holes 1-3 meters wide with the front legs and strong claws. Because of his body and the habit of sleeping in a hole, dragons can conserve body heat throughout the night and reduces the time sunbathing on the next morning. Komodo generally hunt at noon until late afternoon, but still shade during the hottest part of the day. Dragons hiding places are usually located in the dunes or hills with the sea breeze, open from vegetation, and here and there scattered dung inhabitants. The place is generally also a strategic location to ambush deer.

The evolutionary development of the Komodo dragon started with the Varanus genus, which emerged in Asia about 40 million years ago and then migrated to Australia. About 15 million years ago, meeting the Australian continental shelf and Southeast Asia allowed the lizards moved into the territory now known as Indonesia. Komodo is believed to have evolved from its Australian ancestors 4 million years ago, and expanded its range into eastern territories as far as Timor. Changes in sea level since the ice age has made the dragons agihan their range is limited to the present.

ZOO

ORIENTATION : In a zoo in mexico, there are some lions. However, there is only one young lion who feel that they are distinguished by other living things. He was not given the same behavior as the other lions. "Why am I singled out? And I'm the same with the other lions, "asked the young lion on his own. "Everything I do is the same as the other lion" the young lion on his own again. He looked pensive and old lion was lying licking its fur.

TWIST : Seeing the confusion of a young lion, old lion said "Hey kid, look at you! You differ with us, you are not a lion. Sadailah it, and accept the reality of life ". The young lion will confuse the words of the old lion. He paused and thought about what he exactly. And finally he realized that he was a monkey. Slowly he finally accepted the fact that he is not a lion. he began to mingle with other monyat and behave like other monkeys.

GREEN TREE PYTHON

 

Description

The green tree python is characterized by a relatively slim body. The relatively long tail accounts for about 14% of the total length. The head is large and clearly defined from the neck. The muzzle is large and angular. The body is triangular in cross section with a visible spine. The species usually reaches a total length of 150-180 cm (4.9-5.9 ft), but large females may reach 200 cm (6.6 ft). The size also varies depending on the region of origin. The weight is highly dependent upon the nutritional status of the animal. Males can weigh about 1100-1400 g (2.4-3.1 lb), females up to 1,600 g (3.5 lb). Especially large specimens up to 2,200 g (4.9 lb) are females, which like most snakes are slightly larger and heavier than males.

Geographic range

They are found in Indonesia (Misool, Salawati, Aru Islands, Schouten Islands, most of Western New Guinea), Papua New Guinea (including nearby islands from sea level to 1,800 m elevation, Normanby Island and the d'Entrecasteaux Islands) and Australia (Queensland along the east coast of the Cape York Peninsula). The type locality given is "Aroe-eilanden" (Aru Islands, Indonesia).^[1]

This species is sympatric with M. spilota and the two often compete in the same ecological niche.

Habitat

Its main habitat is in rainforests, bushes, shrubs and trees.

Conservation

The largest threat to the species is habitat destruction due to logging of forests.

Behavior

Primarily arboreal, these snakes have a particular way of resting in the branches of trees; they loop a coil or two over the branches in a saddle position and place their head in the middle. This trait is shared with the emerald tree boa, Corallus caninus, of South America. This habit, along with their appearance, has caused people to confuse the two species when seen outside their natural habitat.

Feeding

The diet consists mostly of small mammals, such as rodents, and sometimes reptiles. This snake, like the emerald tree boa, was thought to eat birds; however, Switak conducted field work on this issue. In examining stomach contents of more than 1,000 animals, he did not find any evidence of avian prey. Prey is captured by holding onto a branch using the prehensile tail and striking out from an s-shaped position and constricting the prey.

Reproduction

M. viridis is oviparous, laying 1-25 viable eggs per clutch. Breeding has never been reported from the wild, however in captivity eggs are incubated and protected by the female. Hatchlings are lemon-yellow with broken stripes and spots of purple and brown, or golden or orange-red. For yellow individuals at Iron Range National Park, Australia, the color change occurred over 5-10 days when individuals were 58-60 cm (22.8-23.6 in) long, which corresponds to about a year old. Colour change for red juveniles has not been observed in the wild.

Captivity

These snakes are often bred and kept in captivity, although they are usually considered an advanced species due to their specific care requirements; once these are met, they thrive in captivity. Wild-caught individuals often carry parasites and always tame down, so have even further care requirements. The majority of captive-bred individuals, though, are very docile. With the development of artificial incubation, this species became much more available in captivity. The most common method used was developed by Robert Worrell in the mid 1990s. It simply involved using a 50/50 ratio of vermiculite to water and just using a beverage cooler for an incubator. This, combined with the focus on embryo placement, allowed for a much higher hatch rate for this species in captivity. Later, Worrell's observation of ovulation allowed the average hobbyist to determine when oviposition would take place, as well as the outcome of the eggs. Green tree pythons lay their eggs roughly 40 days after ovulation, with the time extended up to a week when the animals are maintained in a cooler environment.

The caging for these animals is a bit more specific than the average python. As long as these requirements are met, the animal becomes very low maintenance. They require a higher relative humidity (60-80%) as well as a smaller fluctuation in temperatures (80-85F/26.5-29.5C) than most. Shiloh Hawkesworth wrote an article for Reptiles Magazine titled "Heat Seeker" "Heat Seeker" continuation going over these requirements. Among many who have kept this species, the green tree python has a reputation for being a furious reptile which will bite when provoked, but this is mainly limited to imported animals. Captive-bred animals are among the most gentle of all the python species.

A care sheet for this species can be found on the Reptiles Magazine website. This "care sheet" article was written by Rico Walder and Trooper Walsh.

 

Etymology

The specific name exanthematicus is derived from the Greek word (ɛkˈsænθɪm) : exanthem meaning an eruption or blister of the skin. French botanist and Zoologist Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc originally described this lizard as Lacerta exanthematica in reference to the large oval scales on the back of the neck.

Description

Bosc's or Savannah Monitor lizards are a stoutly built species with relatively short limbs and toes, and a skull and dentition adapted to feed on hard shelled prey. Maximum size is rarely more than 4.5 feet in length, females are considerably smaller. The pattern and coloration of the skin vary according to the local habitat substrate. The body scales are large, usually less than 100 scales around midbody, a partly laterally compressed tail with a double dorsal ridge and a nostril situation equidistant from the eye and the tip of the snout.^[3]

Defense

The main predators of Savannah Monitors are snakes, birds and people.^[4] It protects itself through camouflage and is much less conspicuous than the sympatric Varanus niloticus.^[5] It prefers to flee or play dead when in danger, but if cornered, defends itself with tail lashes and if need be, a powerful, vise-like bite. When confronted by a predator, the monitor sometimes rolls onto its back and grasps a hind leg in its mouth, forming a ring with its body and making itself harder for the animal to swallow whole while playing dead.^[6] Other common defenses for Savannah Monitors are hissing, tail whipping, "puffing up", and biting.

Diet

Information about the diet of Varanus exanthematicus in the wild has been recorded in Senegal ^[7] and Ghana.^[8][9] V. exanthematicus feeds almost exclusively on arthropods and molluscs. In Senegal Iulus millipedes were the most common prey of adults, in Ghana small crickets formed the bulk of the diet of animals less than two months old, orthopterans (especially Brachytrupes), scorpions and amphibians were the most common prey of animals 6–7 months old .

Range

Its range extends throughout sub-Saharan Africa from Senegal east to Sudan and south almost to the Congo River and Rift Valley, where they are replaced by Varanus albigularis. V. exanthematicus is primarily a ground-dwelling species that shelters in burrows, although they are sometimes found in bushes or low trees. In the coastal plain of Ghana, V. exanthematicus juveniles are often associated with the burrows of the giant cricket Brachytupes.

Threats

Varanus exanthematicus is listed as Least Concern by IUCN. The species is hunted for its leather and meat and for the international pet trade. An average of 30,574 live V.exanthematicus were imported into the US each year between 2000 and 2009, total imports of live specimens into the US between 2000 and 2010 was 325,480 animals. During the same period 1,037 skins, shoes and products of the species were imported into the U.S. Trade in live animals come mainly from Ghana (235,903 animals exported between 2000 and 2010), Togo (188,110 animals exported between 2000 and 2010) and Benin (72,964 animals exported between 2000 and 2010). During the same period total worldwide declared exports of skins and products of the species totalled 37,506. However there is substantial undeclared trade in the species from Sudan, Nigeria and elsewhere 

Iguana is a herbivorous genus of lizard native to tropical regions of Mexico, Central America, some Polynesian islands such as Fiji and Tonga, and the Caribbean. The genus was first described in 1768 by Austrian naturalist named Josephus Nicolaus Laurenti in medicum. Iguana consists of two genera, namely gebus green iguana, which is widespread throughout its range and a popular pet, and the Lesser Antillean Iguana, which is endemic to the Lesser Antilles and endangered due to habitat destruction.

The word "iguana" is derived from the Spanish form of the original Taino name for the species, Iwana.

The two species of lizard within the genus Iguana has a dewlap, which is a row of spines running down their back to their tail, and the "eye" of the third on their heads. This eye is known as the parietal eye, visible as a pale scale on the top of the head. Behind their neck are small scales which resemble fingers, known as tuberculate scales. These scales may be a variety of colors and are not always visible from close range. They have a large round scale on their cheek known as a shield subtympanic.

Iguanas have excellent vision and can see shapes, shadows, colors and movement at long distances. Iguanas use their eyes to navigate through crowded forests, as well as for food. They use visual signals to communicate with other members of the same species.

The tympanum, eardrum iguana, subtympanic shield located above and behind the eye. Iguanas are often hard to spot, as they tend to blend into their surroundings. Color scale is the way they hide from larger predators.

Male iguanas have three hemipenes.